open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY
- IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
- SEE ALSO

# NAME

open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output

# SYNOPSIS

        use open IN  => ":crlf", OUT => ":bytes";
        use open OUT => ':utf8';
        use open IO  => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)";

        use open IO  => ':locale';

        use open ':utf8';
        use open ':locale';
        use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';

        use open ':std';

# DESCRIPTION

Full-fledged support for I/O layers is now implemented provided Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the default).

The `open` pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default ``layers'' (also known as ``disciplines'') for all I/O. Any two-argument open(), `readpipe()` (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the lexical scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults. Three-argument opens are not affected by this pragma since there you (can) explicitly specify the layers and are supposed to know what you are doing.

With the `IN` subpragma you can declare the default layers of input streams, and with the `OUT` subpragma you can declare the default layers of output streams. With the `IO` subpragma you can control both input and output streams simultaneously.

If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the `:encoding(...)` tag.

if you want to set your encoding layers based on your locale environment variables, you can use the `:locale` tag. For example:

        $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
        # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
        use open OUT => ':locale';
        open(O, ">koi8");
        print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
        close O;
        open(I, "<koi8");
        printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
        close I;

These are equivalent

        use open ':utf8';
        use open IO => ':utf8';

as are these

        use open ':locale';
        use open IO => ':locale';

and these

        use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
        use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';

The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and many encodings have several aliases. See the Encode::Supported manpage for details and the list of supported locales.

Note that `:utf8` PerlIO layer must always be specified exactly like that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names.

When `open()` is given an explicit list of layers they are appended to the list declared using this pragma.

The `:std` subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with the `:utf8` or `:encoding` subpragmas, it converts the standard filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are chosen to be `:utf8`, a `:std` will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are also in `:utf8`. On the other hand, if only output is chosen to be in `:encoding(koi8r)`, a `:std` will cause only the STDOUT and STDERR to be in `koi8r`. The `:locale` subpragma implicitly turns on `:std`.

The logic of `:locale` is as follows:

If the platform supports the `langinfo(CODESET)` interface, the codeset returned is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.

If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for encodings (the part after `.`, if any), and if any found, that is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.

If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for anything looking like UTF-8, and if any found, `:utf8` is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.

If your locale environment variables (LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG) contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8' (case-insensitive matching), the default encoding of your STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, and of any subsequent file open, is UTF-8.

Directory handles may also support PerlIO layers in the future.

# NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY

If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two pseudo-layers `:bytes` and `:crlf` are available.

The `:bytes` layer corresponds to ``binary mode'' and the `:crlf` layer corresponds to ``text mode'' on platforms that distinguish between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like platforms, including Windows). These two layers are no-ops on platforms where `binmode()` is a no-op, but perform their functions everywhere if PerlIO is enabled.

# IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

There is a class method in `PerlIO::Layer` `find` which is implemented as XS code. It is called by `import` to validate the layers:

       PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio")

The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class `PerlIO::Layer` which is created by the C code in perlio.c. As yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl level.

# SEE ALSO

binmode in the perlfunc manpage, open in the perlfunc manpage, the perlunicode manpage, the PerlIO manpage, the encoding manpage

open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output